Most mortgage companies underwrite their loans to guidelines established by the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), or the Veterans Administration (VA). Each of these organizations shares similar underwriting guidelines for self-employed borrowers. In addition, some lending institutions have non-standard sources to draw on for the purpose of making loans to borrowers who do not specifically fit these guidelines.

Two or more years of self-employment are required (less than two years may be acceptable if the borrower has had at least two years’ previous employment or a combination of one year’s employment and formal education or training in a related occupation. Less than one year of self-employment is generally not acceptable.

Borrowers are considered self-employed if they own 25% or more in a business (detailed information is provided later).

A two-year minimum average income is needed to determine qualifying income. This is done to even out fluctuations common to self-employed borrowers.

A positive overall economic outlook in the area for the particular type of business is considered.

1. Are self-employed borrowers qualified differently than salaried borrowers?

Self-employed borrowers are evaluated the same way salaried borrowers are—by determining if the borrower has sufficient income to support the mortgage payment and a willingness to repay all debt, evidenced by a credit report. However, the methods used in the analysis of the self-employed borrower’s income are different.

In most cases, a salaried borrower’s gross salary is used for qualification. This method is not adequate for the self-employed because the daily operation of the business must be supported by gross receipts along with income to the owner. This requires analyzing the borrower's federal tax returns and other schedules, depending on the type business, to determine net income to the borrower.

The growth, viability, and stability of the business field is also critical in determining the ability of the borrower to meet on-going obligations. The length of time self-employed and overall experience in the field must be considered. Because of the subjective nature of underwriting these loans, it is important for the borrower and the loan officer to put together a narrative along with documentation to support the income claim needed for the transaction.

Typically, borrowers who are receiving variable income which they wish to use as “qualifying income” must have their tax returns reviewed. This includes sole proprietors, borrowers owning 25% or more of a partnership, corporations or “S” corporations, commissioned salespeople (even though they may receive W2’s from their employer), and people who receive annual 1099’s to substantiate their income.

3. What documents are required from the borrower?

The type of business the borrower has will determine the documents needed. Documents needed for different business structures are listed below. (See page 8 for a graphic presentation.)

U.S. Federal 1040 with all applicable schedules attached

Schedule C (Profit & Loss from Business)

Schedule D (Capital Gains & Losses)

Year-to-date Balance Sheet and Profit & Loss Statement

U.S. Federal 1040 with all applicable schedules attached

Schedule E, Part II (Income or Loss from Partnerships)

Schedule K-1 1065 (Partner's Share of Income, Credits,
Deductions, etc.)

Form 1065 (U.S. Partnership Return of Income) with all
applicable schedules attached

Year-to-date Profit & Loss Statement

Partnership Agreement (may be required)

U.S. Federal 1040 with all applicable schedules attached

Schedule E, Part II (Income or Loss from S Corporations)

Schedule K-1 1120S (Shareholders' Share of Income,
Credits, Deductions, etc.)

Form 1120S (U.S. Income Tax Return for an S Corporation)
with all applicable schedules attached

Year-to-date Profit & Loss Statement

U.S. Federal 1040 with all applicable schedules attached

Form 1120 (U.S. Corporate Income Tax Return) with all
applicable schedules attached

Year-to-date Profit & Loss Statement

4. Is a minimum down payment required for self-employed borrowers?

There are several new loan programs available today. Lenders are doing their best to qualify people with the lowest rates, lowest down payment, highest qualifying ratios, and the fewest verifications and documents. Most loan programs have the same requirements for different types of employment. Programs are available for first-time home buyers, move-up buyers, or investors—regardless of their employment. However, some loan programs require more strict guidelines for self-employed borrowers. Consult me for specific details.

5. What if a borrower can’t qualify because tax write-off amounts decrease his new income too much.

This is a common problem among self-employed borrowers. They are making enough money to pay the new mortgage and they have had steady income for years, but tax write-offs lower their reported income. Despite their income, they get penalized when they want to buy a house. They don’t qualify! Lenders look to see if the borrower has enough independent income to pay the mortgage and other debt obligations. New income from their tax return is not the final determining factor. The tax returns need to be reviewed and analyzed carefully. Some tax write offs can be “added” back to the new income. If the new amount does not qualify the borrower, no income verification loans may be an option. Consult me for loan guidelines.

6. How many tax returns should be used to arrive at the average qualifying income?

It’s best to use two years of tax returns. This will stabilize the fluctuations in cash flow that may occur due to the normal ups and downs in many businesses. If an analysis of tax returns shows that the applicant has a pattern of reasonable increases in income each year, it makes sense to use the most recent year’s tax return alone. A
reasonable increase would be in the range of 10 to 20% per year. An increase of 40 to 50% in one year over the past year is not a reasonable increase and may well represent some sort of windfall to the business that may not be maintained over the long term. A 24-month average would then be more logical to stabilize the income. Remember, common sense prevails in most of these decisions.

7. What about newly self-employed applicants?

1. If the borrower recently had a bad year but had previous successful years, qualification is still possible.

2. A bad year may result from several causes—divorce, death, or medical illness. This could happen to anyone at any time. If the business had previous successful years, don’t assume the individual can’t be qualified.

You must be willing to spend some time working with us to qualify if your particular situation does not fall within the guidelines. We are willing to spend the extra time and effort to correctly qualify self-employed people. Careful review of tax documents cannot be done accurately over the phone. There is too much room for error. Qualifying self-employed borrowers correctly—the first time—will save everyone time, money, and frustration.

We work aggressively to qualify people. Our variety of loan programs allows us to fit the cash flow and ownership needs for each borrower.  We specialize in qualifying self-employed borrowers and can provide you the best opportunities for loan approval.